• Neighborhood context and place-based analysis shape urban health outcomes through multilevel and spatial framing; emphasizes 'place matters' and cross-level interactions between individuals and their environments [10][4][13][16][17][1][8].

• Environmental justice research highlights unequal toxic exposure, hazardous waste siting, and racialized environmental health disparities; it also critiques measurement and subpopulation definitions [15][14][2][5].

• Housing quality and built environment features—road proximity, housing improvements—are linked to health trajectories, illustrating the environmental determinants embedded in everyday living conditions [8][17][1][3].

• Socioeconomic status and neighborhood deprivation correlate with asthma, CHD risk, and other health outcomes; these studies reveal gradients and local inequality in disease burden [9][11][7][16].

• Policy-driven urban decay and 'planned shrinkage' narratives connect planning decisions to public health collapse and diffusion of health risks from inner cities to suburbs [6][18][19][20].